How multi-port pressure averaging works, why low-flow DP is difficult, what controls installation accuracy, and when to choose an averaging Pitot, orifice, wedge, or V-cone meter.
Natural Gas Flow Measurement: AGA3, ISO 5167 and Custody Transfer
How AGA3/API MPMS 14.3 and ISO 5167-2 differ, where AGA8 real-gas properties fit, and which calculation, sampling, installation and audit controls a gas-metering specification must define.
Compare tube-bundle, perforated-plate and vane conditioners by validated disturbance coverage, pressure loss, fouling, installation length and uncertainty — and know when a conditioner cannot restore compliance.
Steam Flow Measurement: Best Practices and Common Pitfalls
Use IAPWS-IF97 properties, distinguish superheated from near-saturation conditions, respect the single-phase limit, and design balanced condensate legs, compensation and commissioning checks.
Restriction Orifice vs Metering Orifice: What's the Difference?
One measures flow under a defined metering standard; the other reduces pressure or limits flow. Learn the separate hydraulic, acoustic, mechanical and uncertainty checks for each.
Concentric, eccentric, and segmental orifice plates explained. The Reader-Harris/Gallagher Cd equation, β selection from 0.10–0.75, corner/flange/D-D/2 tap types, ISO 5167-2 installation tolerances, and inspection schedules — the definitive orifice plate reference.
Cone-meter beta ratio, ISO 5167-5 limits, C = 0.82, the 3D or 6D bend requirements, 2D downstream length, uncertainty, and the boundary between single-phase standard use and calibrated applications.
Common DP Flow Meter Installation Errors and How to Fix Them
Six common DP installation failures — reversed plates, gasket intrusion, eccentric mounting, wrong taps, blocked impulse lines and inadequate straight run — with safe diagnostic and corrective checks.